Daba St. George’s Church

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Daba St. George’s Church: A 14th-Century Gem in Borjomi Gorge

Overview

Nestled on a picturesque wooded slope within the Borjomi Gorge of Georgia’s Samtskhe-Javakheti region, the St. George’s Church of Daba (დაბის წმინდა გიორგის ეკლესია) stands as a remarkable testament to the artistic and architectural finesse of the mid-14th century. Though relatively small compared to Georgia’s grand cathedrals, this church is distinguished by its exceptionally rich exterior decoration and a unique structural feature – a bell tower integrated directly above its entrance annex. Its precise dating to 1333, confirmed by a contemporary inscription, places its construction during the reign of King George V the Brilliant, a period marked by a resurgence of Georgian power and culture before the devastating invasions of Timur later in the century.

The church was commissioned not by royalty itself, but by a high-ranking official, Kvirkvire, who served as the finance minister (treasurer) to the king. This patronage highlights the wealth and influence wielded by figures beyond the immediate royal family during this era and their contribution to ecclesiastical art and architecture. Kvirkvire belonged to the Paremukidze family, indicating the role of prominent local lineages in shaping the region’s heritage.

Architecturally, Daba Church is a prime example of a Georgian hall church, a design characterized by a single, unified nave space rather than the aisles found in basilicas or the complex structure of cross-dome churches. What elevates Daba beyond a simple hall church is the sheer profusion and quality of its stone carvings. The window frames, portals, and decorative crosses adorning the facades showcase intricate floral, geometric, and zoomorphic patterns executed with remarkable skill in the grey stone blocks used for construction. This level of ornamentation speaks to the high artistic standards maintained even in relatively provincial settings during this period.

The integration of a two-story bell tower atop the southwestern annex (narthex) is another defining characteristic. While bell towers became common additions to Georgian churches, placing one directly above an annex integrated into the main church body in this manner is less typical and adds a distinctive vertical element to the structure’s silhouette.

Dedicated to St. George, one of the most revered saints in Georgia, the church has served the spiritual needs of the local community for centuries, likely enduring periods of regional turmoil and potential abandonment, particularly during Ottoman rule. Today, it remains an active place of worship, offering visitors a glimpse into the refined artistry and architectural ingenuity of medieval Georgia, set against the stunning natural backdrop of the Borjomi Gorge. Its historical context, precise dating, and unique decorative and structural features make it a significant monument within the broader landscape of Georgian ecclesiastical architecture.

Basic Identification

• Full Name: Daba St. George’s Church (დაბის წმინდა გიორგის ეკლესია – Dabis Tsminda Giorgis Eklesia). Also commonly referred to as Daba Church.
• Type: Georgian Orthodox Church.
• Location: Situated on a hillside above the village of Daba, Borjomi Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti region, Georgia. Located within the Borjomi Gorge, near the Daba River. The approximate altitude is around 1100-1200 meters above sea level.

Historical Background

• Founding: The church was built in 1333. This date is confirmed by a stone inscription on the church. It was commissioned by Kvirkvire Paremuzisdze, who held the position of treasurer under King George V the Brilliant.
• Key Dates & Events:

• 1333: Construction completed.
• Medieval Period: Likely functioned continuously for some time after construction.
• Post-Medieval Period: The region experienced significant upheaval during Ottoman rule and later periods, which may have led to periods of neglect or limited use.
• Modern Era: Remains an active church, likely underwent some repairs or minor restorations over time, though specifics are not widely documented.

• Historical Figures: Kvirkvire Paremuzisdze (commissioner/builder, treasurer of King George V), King George V the Brilliant (reigning monarch at the time of construction).
• Legends: There are no widely known specific legends associated directly with the Daba St. George church itself, unlike some of Georgia’s larger or more ancient cathedrals.

Significance and Purpose

• Religious Importance: Serves as a local parish church for the Orthodox Christian community in Daba village. It is dedicated to St. George the Victorious, a particularly venerated saint throughout Georgia. It is not a major national pilgrimage site, nor does it house significant relics or serve as an episcopal see.
• Cultural Importance: Represents a valuable example of Georgian culture, religious devotion, and artistic patronage during the mid-14th century.
• Architectural Importance: A significant example of a 14th-century Georgian hall church, notable for its exceptionally rich exterior stone ornamentation and the unusual integration of a bell tower directly atop its southwestern annex. It showcases the high level of craftsmanship prevalent during the reign of George V.
• Current Status: An active place of worship for the local community.

Architectural and Artistic Description

• Exterior: The church is a single-nave (hall) structure, rectangular in plan, ending with an apse on the eastern side. It is built of well-dressed grey stone blocks. Its most distinguishing features are the highly ornate decorative carvings, particularly around the windows and the western portal. These carvings display complex floral and geometric motifs. A two-story bell tower with arched openings rises above the annex attached to the southwestern corner, serving as an entrance porch. The roof is gabled. Decorative crosses are carved onto the facades.
• Interior: The interior is relatively simple compared to the exterior, consisting of a single vaulted hall leading to the semi-circular apse. The walls may contain traces or fragments of historical frescoes, although the church is primarily known for its exterior decoration. Key features include the altar area within the apse and likely a modest iconostasis.
• Artworks: The main artistic highlights are the elaborate stone carvings covering significant portions of the exterior facades. The intricate details of the window surrounds, portal decoration, and facade crosses are exceptional examples of medieval Georgian stonework. Any surviving frescoes inside would also be considered important artworks.
• Complex: The primary structure is the church with its integrated bell tower and annex. There isn’t a large monastic complex; it typically features a simple churchyard, possibly enclosed by a low wall or fence.

Practical Visitor Information

• Opening Hours: As an active village church, it may not have strictly fixed opening hours for tourists. It is likely accessible for exterior viewing at any reasonable time. Interior access might depend on whether the church is unlocked for services or if a local caretaker is present.
• Admission Fees: Entry is typically free. Donations towards the church’s upkeep are generally welcomed.
• Accessibility: The church is located on a hillside, and access from the village may involve walking on uneven paths or slopes. The building itself likely has steps at the entrance and is not readily accessible for visitors with significant mobility impairments.
• Rules and Etiquette:

• Dress Code: Standard Georgian Orthodox dress code is expected: women should wear skirts or dresses below the knee and cover their heads with a scarf; men should wear long trousers. Shoulders must be covered for everyone. It’s advisable for visitors to bring their own scarves/skirts, as borrowing options may not be available at smaller churches.
• Photography/Videography: Usually permitted outside. Taking photos inside might require permission, and flash photography is often discouraged or forbidden. Be especially mindful during services or if people are praying.
• Behavior: Visitors should maintain a quiet and respectful demeanor suitable for a place of worship.

• Facilities: Facilities at the church site itself are minimal to non-existent. Restrooms, shops, or cafes would be found in the village of Daba or, more comprehensively, in the nearby town of Borjomi. Dedicated tour guides for this specific church are uncommon.
• Service Times: Religious services (liturgies, prayers) are likely held, particularly on Sundays and major Orthodox feast days, but the schedule depends on the local priest and community. Visitors may attend respectfully if a service is taking place.