Kolkheti National Park

Kolkheti National Park: Wetlands, Birds, and Ancient Legends

Welcome to Kolkheti National Park, a unique watery wonderland located on the Black Sea coast of Georgia! Situated near the port city of Poti, this park protects a large area of special wetlands, including the vast Lake Paliastomi, slow-moving rivers, marshes, and rare floodplain forests. This region is historically known as Colchis, the legendary land from ancient Greek myths like Jason and the Golden Fleece. Today, the park preserves the natural treasures of this ancient land.

Established in 1998, Kolkheti National Park’s main goal is to protect its incredibly rich and diverse wetland ecosystems. These wetlands are super important, especially for birds. Millions of birds traveling between Europe, Asia, and Africa use Kolkheti as a vital resting and feeding place during their long migrations. Because of this, the park is recognized internationally as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance and an Important Bird Area (IBA). It is also part of the UNESCO World Heritage site “Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands,” recognizing its global significance.

The heart of the park is Lake Paliastomi, a large, shallow lake that was once connected directly to the Black Sea like a bay or lagoon. Surrounding the lake are wet meadows, swamps thick with reeds, and unique forests that can survive periodic flooding. The park also includes a stretch of the Black Sea coast and marine waters, protecting coastal sand dunes and habitats for marine life, including dolphins.

Visiting Kolkheti National Park is a different experience compared to mountain parks. The best way to explore its beauty is by boat. From the visitor center near Poti, you can take guided boat tours across Lake Paliastomi or along winding rivers like the Pichori. Gliding through the calm waters, you can admire the lush scenery, feel the peaceful atmosphere of the wetlands, and, most importantly, watch birds! With over 190 bird species recorded here, including pelicans, cormorants, herons, egrets, eagles, and huge flocks of ducks and geese (especially in winter and during migration), it’s a paradise for bird lovers. Kayaking and canoeing are also popular ways to explore.

Kolkheti National Park offers a fantastic chance to discover the unique nature of Georgia’s coastal wetlands, witness spectacular birdlife, and touch the history of ancient Colchis, all while supporting the conservation of this precious environment.

1. Basic Identification

• Official Name: Kolkheti National Park (კოლხეთის ეროვნული პარკი).
• Type of Protected Area: National Park (IUCN Category II). Protects nationally significant natural areas, allowing for environmentally compatible education and recreation.
• Date Established: 1998 (based on the earlier Kolkheti State Reserve established in 1947).
• Governing Body: Agency of Protected Areas (APA) of Georgia.

2. Location & Accessibility

• Geographic Location: Georgia, spanning Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti and Guria regions. Covers parts of Zugdidi, Khobi, Senaki, Abasha, and Lanchkhuti municipalities. Located on the Black Sea coastal plain.
• Map/Coordinates: Approximate center around 42∘08′ N, 41∘43′ E. Includes Lake Paliastomi and coastal areas. Maps available via APA website and visitor center.
• Nearest Cities/Towns: Poti (major port city) is the main access hub. Zugdidi, Senaki, Khobi, Lanchkhuti are other nearby towns. The visitor center is located near Poti, close to Lake Paliastomi.
• How to Get There:
  • To Poti: Easily accessible by car, marshrutka (minibus), bus, or train from major cities like Tbilisi, Batumi, or Kutaisi. Roads are paved.
  • To Visitor Center/Boat Tours: From Poti city center, it’s a short taxi ride (around 10-15 minutes) to the National Park visitor center and boat station on Lake Paliastomi.
  • Nearest Airports: Kutaisi (KUT) is relatively close (approx. 1-1.5 hours drive); Batumi (BUS) is also accessible (approx. 1.5-2 hours drive).

3. Size & Physical Description

• Area: Total area is 44,648 hectares (446.48 km²). This includes:
  • Terrestrial (land and freshwater): 28,906 ha.
  • Marine (Black Sea): 15,742 ha.
• Topography: Predominantly flat coastal lowland plain, characterized by extensive wetlands (marshes, swamps, peat bogs), Lake Paliastomi, floodplain forests along rivers, and coastal sand dunes. Altitude is very low, mostly near sea level (0-10 meters).
• Geology & Key Features: Formed by alluvial deposits from rivers creating a coastal plain. Key features are the large, shallow Lake Paliastomi (a relict lagoon), the Pichori river flowing through wetlands, peat bogs (like Imnati bog), coastal dunes, and the marine area.
• Hydrology: Dominated by Lake Paliastomi and the rivers flowing into it (like Pichori, Kaparchina). The area is heavily influenced by the Rioni River delta located nearby. Includes extensive freshwater and brackish water wetlands and a Black Sea coastal strip. Subject to seasonal flooding.
• Climate: Humid subtropical climate. Winters are mild and very wet, often frost-free. Summers are hot and humid with significant rainfall. High humidity year-round.

4. Purpose & Significance

• Reason for Designation: To protect the unique and biodiversity-rich Colchic wetland ecosystems (including peat bogs and floodplain forests), Lake Paliastomi, and the associated coastal and marine habitats. To conserve populations of resident and migratory birds, and endemic/relict species. To promote sustainable ecotourism and environmental education.
• Key Values: Globally significant wetland ecosystems. Critical habitat for millions of migratory water birds. Remnants of unique Colchic floodplain forests. High biodiversity value. Important recreational (birdwatching, boating) and educational resource. Location in the historical land of Colchis. Part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• International Recognition:
  • Ramsar Wetland of International Importance (as part of “Wetlands of Central Kolkheti”).
  • UNESCO World Heritage Site (as part of “Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands”).
  • Important Bird Area (IBA).
  • Emerald Network Site.

5. Biodiversity (Flora & Fauna)

• Ecosystems/Habitats: Shallow lake (Paliastomi), freshwater marshes and swamps, peat bogs, Colchic floodplain forests, coastal sand dunes, Black Sea marine environment.
• Key Plant Species: Wetland vegetation includes reeds, rushes, sedges, water lilies, Yellow Iris. Floodplain forests feature Alder, Oak, Ash, Caucasian Wingnut. Sphagnum mosses dominate peat bogs. Coastal dunes have specific sand-binding plants.
• Key Animal Species:
  • Birds: Extremely rich birdlife (194+ species). Key site for migratory and wintering waterfowl like ducks, geese, swans, coots, Dalmatian Pelican, Great White Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Great Cormorant, various herons and egrets. White-tailed Eagle breeds nearby. Important stopover for waders and passerines.
  • Mammals: Golden Jackal, European Otter, Wild Boar, Roe Deer are present. Rare species like Jungle Cat might occur. Marine mammals in the sea section include Bottlenose Dolphin, Common Dolphin, and Harbour Porpoise.
  • Fish: Lake Paliastomi and rivers host catfish, pike-perch, carp, grey mullet, etc. Critically endangered Sturgeons historically used the Rioni river.
  • Amphibians/Reptiles: Marsh Frog, Common Tree Frog, European Pond Turtle, Dice Snake.
• Endangered/Rare Species: Many bird species using the park have international conservation status (e.g., Dalmatian Pelican, White-tailed Eagle). European Otter is vulnerable. Sturgeons are critically endangered. The Colchic wetland and floodplain forest habitats themselves are considered vulnerable ecosystems.

6. Visitor Information

• Visitor Center: Yes, located near Lake Paliastomi, close to Poti city. Offers information about the park, boat tour booking, kayak/canoe rental, exhibits, and possibly souvenirs. Check APA website for contact details and opening hours.
• Opening Hours & Seasons: Visitor center operates during standard business hours (check APA website). Boat tours are the main activity and typically run from spring through autumn, depending on weather. Birdwatching is best during spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) migrations, and also good in winter for waterfowl.
• Entrance Fees & Permits: Yes, entrance fees apply for park access/services. Boat tours and equipment rentals have specific fees, which are the main costs for visitors. Check the APA website for current prices. Advance booking for boat tours is recommended, especially during peak season.
• Trails & Routes: Due to the wetland landscape, marked hiking trails are limited. Visitor access is primarily via:
  • Boat Tours: Guided tours on Lake Paliastomi and/or the Pichori River are the most popular way to see the park. Duration varies.
  • Kayaking/Canoeing: Rentals available for exploring designated water routes.
  • Birdwatching Towers: Accessible by boat or possibly short paths near the visitor center.
• Activities: Boat tours, birdwatching (highly recommended), kayaking, canoeing, sport fishing (requires permit and adherence to strict regulations), environmental education tours.
• Accommodation: No accommodation facilities (hotels, shelters) directly within the main wetland areas of the park. Visitors usually stay in the nearby city of Poti, which offers various hotels and guesthouses.
• Facilities: Visitor center (with toilets, information, booking desk), boat pier, tour boats, rental kayaks/canoes, birdwatching towers, information boards. Picnic facilities may be available near the visitor center.
• Safety Advice:
  • Boat Safety: Listen to the boat captain/guide, use life jackets if required/provided.
  • Weather: Be prepared for sun on open water (use hats, sunscreen, sunglasses) or potential rain/wind. Tours may be cancelled due to bad weather.
  • Insects: Mosquitoes and other insects can be abundant, especially in warmer months; use insect repellent.
  • Birdwatching: Bring binoculars for the best experience. Be quiet near bird habitats.

7. Rules & Regulations

• Code of Conduct: Respect wildlife, especially nesting or resting birds – maintain distance and quiet. Do not litter; take all waste back with you. Follow instructions from park staff and boat guides.
• Prohibitions: Unauthorized motorboats may be restricted. Hunting is forbidden. Fishing requires permits and follows strict rules (seasons, species, size limits, methods). Disturbing wildlife is prohibited. Collecting plants or animals is forbidden. Lighting fires is restricted to designated areas (if any). Drone use likely requires permission.
• Zoning: The park includes different zones (terrestrial, lake, marine) with potentially varying regulations. Visitor activities are mostly confined to designated boat routes and areas around the visitor center.

8. Conservation & Management

• Management Authority: Kolkheti National Park Administration, under the Agency of Protected Areas (APA). Park rangers patrol both land and water areas.
• Conservation Efforts: Protecting and restoring wetland habitats. Monitoring water levels and quality. Monitoring bird populations (especially key migratory and breeding species). Controlling illegal fishing and hunting. Managing invasive species. Regulating tourism impacts. Raising public awareness and environmental education. Implementing requirements related to UNESCO World Heritage status.
• Threats/Challenges: Water pollution entering Lake Paliastomi from rivers and surrounding areas. Illegal and unsustainable fishing/hunting practices. Past and present impacts of drainage and altered river flows on wetland hydrology. Spread of invasive species. Impacts of climate change (sea-level rise, changes in precipitation). Balancing tourism development with conservation needs.

9. History & Culture

• Brief History: The park protects wetlands within the historical region of Colchis, famed in Greek mythology (Argonauts, Golden Fleece). Lake Paliastomi formed from a former sea bay. Formal protection began with the Kolkheti State Reserve in 1947, significantly expanded into the National Park in 1998.
• Cultural Significance: Deep connection to the myths and history of ancient Colchis. The nearby city of Poti has historical significance as a port. Traditional fishing methods have been practiced on Lake Paliastomi for generations. Its inscription as part of a UNESCO World Heritage site adds significant cultural and natural value recognition.

10. Unique Features/Interesting Facts

• Protects unique Colchic wetlands, including peat bogs and floodplain forests, on the Black Sea coast.
• Features the large, shallow Lake Paliastomi, a former sea lagoon.
• It is part of the UNESCO “Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands” World Heritage Site.
• One of the most important sites in Eurasia for migrating and wintering water birds.
• Includes a significant marine protected area, providing habitat for dolphins.
• Located in the legendary ancient land of Colchis.
• Offers unique visitor experiences focused on boat tours and birdwatching.